DONATE
DONATE

Undercounts of Injury & Illness for Animal Ag Workers

Even a cursory reading of the literature about worker injuries and illness in the animal ag industry makes clear that the BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics) data has little connection to the realities for workers in slaughterhouses and on factory farms. The actual levels of injuries and illnesses are undoubtedly multiples of the BLS figures. Whether they are 2, 5, or 10 times higher is difficult for researchers to assess for reasons explored below.[1]

The BLS data suggests that annually about 3-5% of slaughterhouse and meat processing workers have conditions that meet the definition of a “recordable” injury or illness.[2] Those figures are hard to square with the many government, non-profit, and independent research reports that document extremely high levels of injury and illness. 

A job in a slaughterhouse or on a factory farm comes with an understanding that it includes pain and suffering.[3,4] Much of that pain and suffering is not reported, recorded, or mitigated.

 

  1. Note: For comparisons between research and government reports of actual injury and illness rates compared to BLS data, see, Livestock Slaughter and Processing Worker Injury and Illness [question: How do BLS figures compare to other estimates of injury rates?] and Poultry Processing Worker Injury & Illness [question: How do the BLS figures compare to other estimates of injury rates?]
  2. U.S. BLS (2023) OSH Definitions. https://www.bls.gov/iif/definitions/occupational-safety-and-health-definitions.htm [“Recordable cases include work-related injuries and illnesses that result in one of the following: Death, Loss of consciousness, Days away from work, Restricted work activity or job transfer, Medical treatment (beyond first aid), Significant work-related injuries or illnesses that are diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional.” There are additional conditions that meet the requirements, including, “Any needlestick injury or cut from a sharp object that is contaminated with another person’s blood or other potentially infectious material.”]
  3. For a close-up view of the issues, see interview segments with meatpackers in Ramos, A. K., et al., (2021). Health and Well-Being of Hispanic/Latino Meatpacking Workers in Nebraska: An Application of the Health Belief Model. Workplace Health & Safety, 69(12), 564–572, p. 570.
  4. Southern Poverty Law Center & Alabama Appleseed (2013) Unsafe at any Speeds: Alabama’s Poultry Industry and its Disposable Workers.

 High numbers of precarious workers – undocumented, financially insecure, fearing retribution, and/or with language barriers.[1]
 On-site care viewed as inadequate.
 Explicit or implicit pressure from employers.
 Regulatory or financial incentives for employers to keep injury counts low.
 Small-farm exemptions from recording and/or reporting injuries.
 Changes in OSHA’s injury recordkeeping.[2,3]

 

  1. See, Precarious Employment
  2. See the following answers for details on each point.
  3. For a comprehensive though dated report on the reasons for injury undercounts across all industries see, U.S. House of Representatives (June 2008) Hidden Tragedy: Underreporting of Workplace Injuries and Illnesses, A Majority Staff Report by The Committee on Education and Labor, pp. 11-24.

Language Barriers – According to the U.S. Census Bureau, foreign-born workers make up ~34% of the workforce in the animal slaughtering and processing industry.[1,2] Other areas of the animal ag industry, such as dairy farms, are reported to employ unusually high rates of foreign born workers.[3,4] Many of these workers have limited English proficiency.[5] Language barriers exist to their accessing care – even in large meat processing first aid clinics.[6]

Healthcare Concerns – Some workers have reason to question the quality of care provided by employers.[7] An OSHA investigation of a large pork processing plant in 2021 revealed that “staff with inadequate credentials appear to treat conditions without diagnoses, schedule employees for multiple follow-up visits with the First Aid clinic, and may not refer to a healthcare provider with WMSD (work-related musculoskeletal disorders) expertise even when employees ask for a referral.”[8]

Unintended Consequences – Some workers do not report illnesses or injuries to their employers for fear of losing their jobs, deportation, or retribution.[9,10] In 2017, OSHA researchers studying a range of industries including meatpacking noted that “Employee interviews identified workers’ fear of reprisal and employer disciplinary programs as the most important causes of underreporting.”[11]

A 2025 USDA study of six large pig slaughter plants (operating with waivers at higher line speeds) found that about a third of workers with pain did not report it. Of those workers that did not report, ~19% said, “I can take care of myself,” ~17% didn’t think the company would help them, and ~5% were afraid of being punished or losing their jobs. Some declined to provide a reason for not reporting.[12]

 

  1. U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey 1-year Public Use Microdata Samples. [Variables: MFG-Animal Slaughtering and Processing and Citizenship status.]
  2. Note: This is undoubtedly an undercount, as is widely acknowledged. See, for example: Congressional Research Service (Sept. 2024) Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population, p. 1. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11806 [“Researchers find that government surveys tend to undercount the foreign-born population, particularly the unauthorized, compared with the native-born population.”]
  3. Center for North American Studies (2015) The Economic Impacts of Immigrant Labor on U.S. Dairy Farms, p. 2. [“Immigrant labor accounts for 51 percent of all dairy labor…”]
  4. Ruth Conniff, (October 2022) Getting past toxic partisanship: Dairy farmers and undocumented workers, Wisconsin Examiner. https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2022/10/24/getting-past-toxic-partisanship-dairy-farmers-and-undocumented-workers/ [“Now, as then, whole industries, especially the Wisconsin dairy industry, would collapse without the labor of undocumented immigrants, who perform an estimated 80% of the work on Wisconsin dairy farms.”]
  5. Fremstad, S., et al., (2020) Meatpacking Workers are a Diverse Group Who Need Better Protections. Center for Economic and Policy Research, p. 3. [Limited English Speaking Households: 25.1% frontline meatpackers, 16.8% all animal slaughter & processing workers; 4% for all U.S. workers] [And see, USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Swine Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, Harris-Adamson, C. et al.,  (Researchers, Univ. of California, San Francisco), p. 108, Appendix 5. (In an evaluation of 6 large pig slaughtering plants, a language other than English was the primary language of more than 90% of interviewed workers at 5 of the 6 plants.)]
  6. Ramos, A. K., et al., (2021). Health and Well-Being of Hispanic/Latino Meatpacking Workers in Nebraska: An Application of the Health Belief Model. Workplace Health & Safety, 69(12), 564–572, p. 570. [“Workers with limited English were less likely to address safety concerns with supervisors. In this study, mistrust of the occupational health office, limited English proficiency, and the prevalence of unmanaged chronic health conditions resulted in limited engagement in health-promoting behaviors and poor outcomes.”]
  7. Fagan, K. & Hodgson, M. J. (2017). Under-recording of work-related injuries and illnesses: An OSHA priority. Journal of Safety Research, 60, 79–83, p. 79. [OSHA researchers report that “In some poultry plants, OSHA found that the EMTs and LPNs staffing these onsite medical units had little to no nursing or medical supervision, functioned without appropriate, up-to-date protocols and provided care beyond their scopes of practice.”]
  8. U.S. Dept of Labor, OSHA (2021) Letter to Seaboard Foods re: Guymon, OK investigation, p. 2. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OPA/news%20releases/OSHA20262021%20-%20Medical%20Managment%20HAL%201534564.pdf  [Among the many “deficiencies” at Seaboard Foods pig slaughterhouse: “Employee reluctance to report injuries and illnesses driven by poor medical practices and inadequate follow-up.”]
  9. Gerr, Fred. (2021). Meatpacking plant workers: A case study of a precarious workforce. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18(4-5), 154–158, p. 156.
  10. U.S. Government Accountability Office (2016) Additional Data Needed to Address Continued Hazards in the Meat and Poultry Industry, GAO-16-337, p. 31. [“Workers and employers may underreport injuries and illnesses in the meat and poultry industry because of worker concerns over potential loss of employment, and employer concerns over potential costs associated with injuries and illnesses, according to federal officials, worker advocacy groups, and studies.”]
  11. Fagan, K. & Hodgson, M. J. (2017). Abstract.
  12. USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Swine Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, Harris-Adamson, C. et al.,  (Researchers, Univ. of California, San Francisco), p. 72.

Naturally there is no consensus on this question since both employers and workers withhold information. Credible stats come mostly from worker interviews. OSHA researchers in a 2017 report suggested that across industries, an undercount range from “20% to as high as 70%” was credible, while also confirming a lack of data.[1] The undercounts in animal slaughtering and on factory farms are undoubtedly much higher, certainly multiples of BLS estimates.[2]

USDA Studies – A 2025 study commissioned by the USDA evaluating line speed impacts on poultry processing workers in selected large slaughter plants found that “Forty percent of workers across all establishments reported experiencing moderate to severe work related upper extremity pain during the prior 12 months. Among those workers who experienced moderate to severe work-related pain in the past year, 43% did not report their pain to their employer.”[3]

A similar USDA study at 6 large pig slaughterhouses found that 43% of workers reported experiencing moderate to severe upper extremity pain during the prior 12-month period, while a third of workers with work-related pain did not report their pain to a supervisor or onsite nurse.[4]

Both studies acknowledge that these high rates are underestimated. As the poultry report points out, “As a result of the high turnover rate, the study sample was likely healthier than the sample of all previously exposed workers. Those who left employment due to work-related pain or the inability to keep up with the high pace of work were underrepresented. Such a healthy worker survivor effect likely leads to an underestimate of reported work-related pain and an underestimate of associations.”[5,6]

Responding to the 2025 USDA reports, OSHA’s Acting Labor Secretary Julie Su said, “The findings in USDA’s report on worker safety in poultry and swine plants show that injuries, including chronic pain and musculoskeletal disorders are too common. These kinds of injuries often go unreported.”[7]

Non-profit studies based on employee interviews point to extremely high figures in the animal slaughter and processing industry.[8-10]

 

  1. Fagan, K. & Hodgson, M. J. (2017). Under-recording of work-related injuries and illnesses: An OSHA priority. Journal of Safety Research, 60, 79–83, p. 79. [“The lack of good data impedes efforts to improve the health and safety of the workers.”]
  2. To compare some of the following examples of slaughterhouse figures to 2023 BLS data, see the following: Livestock Slaughter and Processing Worker Injury and Illness [The 2023 average incidence rate (recordable cases) was 4.4 per 100 workers.] Poultry Processing Worker Injury & Illness [The 2023 average incidence rate (recordable cases) was 2.6 per 100 workers.] Note that most BLS injury and illness incidence rates have fallen over the last few years.
  3. USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Poultry Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, Harris-Adamson, C. et al., (Researchers, Univ. of California, San Francisco), p. 46. [The majority (81%) of the poultry plant workers in the jobs evaluated had an unacceptably high MSD risk…]
  4. USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Swine Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, Harris-Adamson, C. et al.,  (Researchers, Univ. of California, San Francisco), p. 7 and 72, see Table 5.11.3.
  5. USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Poultry Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, p. 48.
  6. USDA FSIS (January 9, 2025) Swine Processing Line Speed Evaluation Study, p. 79.
  7. Robert Yaniz (January 14, 2025) USDA Study Highlights Risks to Worker Safety in Meat Processing Plants, Occupational Health & Safety, https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2025/01/14/USDA-Study-Highlights-Risks-to-Worker-Safety-in-Meat-Processing-Plants.aspx [Note: the comment was in response to both the livestock and poultry plant reports, each of which was released in January 2025. See details on the poultry plant report in Poultry Processing Worker Injury & Illness]
  8. The Northwest Arkansas Workers’ Justice Center (2016) Wages and Working Conditions in Arkansas Poultry Plants, p. 3. [“…91% of surveyed workers handling our nation’s poultry in Arkansas reported having no earned sick leave, and almost two thirds (62%) reported working while sick. Of those who worked while sick, workers reported that they did so not out of choice, but because they either could not afford to take a day off when sick (77%), were directly threatened with disciplinary action for taking a day off when sick (54%), or were afraid of such disciplinary action (44%).”]
  9. Southern Poverty Law Center (2013) Unsafe at These Speeds: Alabama’s Poultry Industry and its Disposable Workers, p. 13. [“This survey found that 66% of participants believed workers were scared or reluctant to report injuries, and that 78% of respondents attributed this reluctance to fear of being fired…Many workers interviewed in this survey said they were required to work even when seriously hurt – a tactic that can help an employer keep the number of reportable lost-time injuries low.”]
  10. Human Rights Watch (2019) When We’re Dead and Buried, Our Bones Will Keep Hurting: Workers’ Rights Under Threat in US Meat and Poultry Plants.

Factory Farms – One analysis found that the BLS undercounted the injuries to animal farm workers by ~82%.[1] Another found that government estimates missed an average of 83% of nonfatal injuries in animal production.[2]

Both studies conclude that the high rates are due in large part to the exclusions from the BLS surveys of self-employed farmers and workers on farms with less than 11 employees, and both cite “willful underreporting” by both employers and employees as a major factor.

Other studies back up these undercount estimates and confirm that working in tight quarters with large animals is a high risk factor for injury.[3,4]

Underreporting is almost certainly the highest on dairy farms, the largest group of factory farm workers. These operations combine each of the factors that make underreporting likely:

 High levels of immigrants and undocumented workers.[5,6]
 Dangerous conditions due to the size of dairy cows, their tight confinement, and the required close proximity with the animals.[7]
 Like most factory farms, the majority of operations are excluded from BLS surveys and OSHA oversight because they employ less than 11 people.[8,9]

 

  1. Leigh, J.P. et al., (2014). An estimate of the U.S. government’s undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in agriculture. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(4), 254–259. [“We estimated that SOII (Bureau of Labor) missed 73.7% of crop farm cases and 81.9% of animal farm cases for an average of 77.6% for all agriculture.” Abstract]
  2. Picciotto, I. et al., (2022) Estimating the Nonfatal Injury Undercount in Agriculture from 2004 to 2019, Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, v. 28, no.3 pp. 181-202. [“…we show that the government estimates only captured 13% to 26% of the true number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, missing 74% to 87% of the true case counts each year… animal production, missing an average of 83% of cases. Willful and negligent underreporting was the largest contributor to the undercount, followed by the exclusion of self-employed and unpaid family workers.” Abstract]
  3. Ramos, A. K., et al., (2021). Occupational Injuries among Latino/a Immigrant Cattle Feedyard Workers in the Central States Region of the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8821, p. 5.
  4. Ramos, A. K., et al., (2018). Self-Reported Occupational Injuries and Perceived Occupational Health Problems among Latino Immigrant Swine Confinement Workers in Missouri. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018, 8710901, p. 5.
  5. Center for North American Studies (2015) The Economic Impacts of Immigrant Labor on U.S. Dairy Farms, p. 2 [“Immigrant labor accounts for 51 percent of all dairy labor…”]
  6. Ruth Conniff, (October 2022) Getting past toxic partisanship: Dairy farmers and undocumented workers, Wisconsin Examiner. [“Now, as then, whole industries, especially the Wisconsin dairy industry, would collapse without the labor of undocumented immigrants, who perform an estimated 80% of the work on Wisconsin dairy farms.”]
  7. Kica, J. & Rosenman, K. D. (2020). Multisource surveillance for non-fatal work-related agricultural injuries. Journal of Agromedicine, 25(1), 86–95, table 2, p. 91. [“Injuries caused by cows were the predominant cause: 472 (31.5%) of all the injuries.”]
  8. U.S. Dept of Labor OSHA (1998) OSHA Instruction, Directive No. CPL 02-00-051, Enforcement Exemption and Limitations under the Appropriations Act. [“A farming operation is exempt from all OSHA activities if it: Employs 10 or fewer employees currently and at all times during the last 12 months; and has not had an active temporary labor camp during the preceding 12 months.”(emphasis in the original]]
  9. Christina Cooke, (2022) Animal Agriculture Is Dangerous Work. The People Who Do It Have Few Protections. Civil Eats.
    https://civileats.com/2022/11/14/injured-and-invisible-1-few-protections-animal-agriculture-workers-cafos-dairy-migrants-injuries/ [“Federal OSHA protections don’t apply to workers on farms with 10 or fewer workers due to a 46-year-old budget rider intended to protect family farms. Today, that exempts 96 percent of the animal-ag operations that hire workers from OSHA oversight.”]

A 2018 audit of OSHA by the Office of Inspector General found that across industries “employers do not report 50 percent or more of severe injuries.”[1] The report acknowledged that underreporting of workplace injuries has been well documented, and pointed to an earlier GAO audit which found in particular that “DOL (Dept of Labor) faces challenges gathering data on injury and illness rates for meat and poultry workers because of underreporting and inadequate data collections.”[2]

There are several reasons why employers do not report – or even record – injuries. “Employers may not record workers’ injuries and illnesses because of disincentives such as fear of increasing their workers’ compensation costs or jeopardizing their chances of being awarded contracts for new work… Some employers may underreport to avoid triggering OSHA inspections or promote the image of a safe workplace.”[3,4]

The BLS has acknowledged that the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) fails to capture some cases, and in 2009 the agency initiated research to assess the accuracy of the SOII.[5] A 2020 recap of the research found that the “keeping of injury and illness logs is not widely prevalent” and that (across all industries) there was, “considerable confusion related to general recordkeeping knowledge.”[6]

 

  1. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OIG (2018) OSHA Needs to Improve the Guidance for its Fatality and Severe Injury Reporting Program to Better Protect Workers, Rpt No. 02-18-203-10-105, p. 5.
  2. U.S. GAO (April 2016) Workplace Safety and Health: Additional Data Needed to Address Continued Hazards in the Meat and Poultry Industry, GAO-16-337, What GAO Found.
  3. U.S. GAO (April 2016), p. 34.
  4. For a comprehensive though dated report on the reasons for injury undercounts in various industries including meatpacking, see, U.S. House of Representatives (June 2008) Hidden Tragedy: Underreporting of Workplace Injuries and Illnesses, A Majority Staff Report by The Committee on Education and Labor, pp. 11-24.
  5. U.S. BLS (2020) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data Quality Research. https://www.bls.gov/iif/data-quality-research/data-quality.htm 
  6. Elizabeth Rogers (2020) The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Respondent Follow-Up Survey, Monthly Labor Review, U.S. BLS. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/the-survey-of-occupational-injuries-and-illnesses-respondent-follow-up-survey.htm [While the slaughter & processing industry was not specifically studied, in general, “The results show that a number of notable recordkeeping issues were found, especially related to the percentage of establishments that keep OSHA logs. The results also show a fairly low level of recordkeeping training, the use of sources other than the OSHA forms in responding to the SOII (Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses), and considerable confusion related to general recordkeeping knowledge.”]  

Under the OSH Act, “A farming operation is exempt from all OSHA activities if it: Employs 10 or fewer employees currently and at all times during the last 12 months; and has not had an active temporary labor camp during the preceding 12 months.”[emphasis in the original][1] “The small farms exemption — a limitation Congress has written into OSHA’s budget each year since 1976 — was intended to protect small family farms from government overreach. It’s so ingrained in American agriculture that many dairy farmers assume that OSHA won’t even try to go onto their property.”[2] In addition, family members of farm employers are not counted when determining the number of employees.[3]

A 2022 investigation conducted by the non-profit media site Civil Eats found that of the farms that specialize in livestock production, ~96% employed fewer than 10 workers and were therefore not subject to federal OSHA oversight.[4] Moreover, these small-farm employers are not generally required to maintain records of nonfatal injuries that do not require hospitalization.[5]

Nonfatal injuries that are not logged are naturally not going to be reported. 

 

  1. U.S. Dept of Labor OSHA (1998) OSHA Instruction, Directive No. CPL 02-00-051, Enforcement Exemption and Limitations under the Appropriations Act. [A temporary labor camp is “farm housing directly related to the seasonal or temporary employment of farm workers.”]
  2. Maryam Jameel and Melissa Sanchez (2023) Dairy Workers on Wisconsin’s Small Farms Are Dying. Many of Those Deaths Are Never Investigated, ProPublica co-published with USA Today Network-Wisconsin. https://www.propublica.org/article/wisconsin-dairy-farms-osha-safety-death-investigation-immigrant-workers
  3. U.S. Dept of Labor OSHA (1998) OSHA Instruction, Directive No. CPL 02-00-051.
  4. Editors (November 14, 2022) Injured and Invisible: Our Methodology, Civil Eats. https://civileats.com/2022/11/14/injured-and-invisible-methodology/
  5. U.S. Dept of Labor (February 2024) Employment Law Guide: Safety and Health Standards: Occupation Safety and Health. https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/elg/osha.htm#RRN [“Employers with 10 or fewer employees at all times during the last calendar year do not need to keep OSHA injury and illness records unless OSHA or the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) informs them in writing that records must be kept. However, all employers covered by the OSH Act must report to OSHA any workplace incident that results in a fatality, an amputation, the loss of an eye, or the in-patient hospitalization of one or more employees.”]

Even when workers and employers intend to record injuries and illnesses, many fall between the cracks because of the definitions of the injuries that must be recorded and/or reported.

OSHA – An employer must report to OSHA only severe work-related injuries, defined as a work-related incident that results in a fatality, in-patient hospitalization, an amputation, or loss of an eye. And while an employer must record other less severe injuries or illnesses that require medical treatment beyond first aid, it doesn’t have to report those to OSHA.[1]

Bureau of Labor Statistics – The BLS also collects injury and illness information through surveys sent to a sample of companies (~230,000), which use their own recordkeeping logs required by OSHA to provide the data.[2] An injury or illness must only be recorded if it results in loss of consciousness, days away from work, restricted work activity or job transfer, or medical treatment beyond first aid.[3,4]

Particularly pertinent to slaughter and processing jobs, a change in OSHA’s recordkeeping requirements may have led to regular underreporting of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).[5] Prior to 2001, OSHA logs included a special box to check if an injury was an MSD – the most common injury to processing workers. The agency deleted the box so that now MSDs fall into a catch-all category called “All Other Illnesses,” which obscures the prevalence of MSDs in the workforce.[6-8]

In addition, the BLS has acknowledged that the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) fails to capture some cases, and in 2009 the agency initiated research to assess the accuracy of the SOII.[9] The research was completed in 2020. One of the major factors found to be responsible for undercounting (across all industries) was “considerable confusion related to general recordkeeping knowledge.”[10]

 

  1. U.S. Dept of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 29 CFR § 1904.1 and § 1904.4.
  2. U.S. Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Concepts.
  3. Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Concepts/Recording Criteria. 
  4. In its annually published Nonfatal Injuries and Illnesses data, the BLS only reports “recordable cases” of injury and illness. Thus, chronic injuries such as MSDs which many workers live with on a daily basis are not recorded. See, Poultry Processing Worker Injury & Illness, question: “How does the BLS define a “recordable” case?
  5. U.S. House of Representatives (June 2008) Hidden Tragedy: Underreporting of Workplace Injuries and Illnesses, A Majority Staff Report by The Committee on Education and Labor, p. 13.
  6. U.S. Government Accountability Office (2016) Additional Data Needed to Address Continued Hazards in the Meat and Poultry Industry, GAO-16-337, pp. 40-42.
  7. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA Form 300A – Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses.
  8. Human Rights Watch (2019) When We’re Dead and Buried, Our Bones Will Keep Hurting: Workers’ Rights Under Threat in US Meat and Poultry Plants, p. 34.
  9. U.S. BLS (2020) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data Quality Research. https://www.bls.gov/iif/data-quality-research/data-quality.htm
  10. Elizabeth Rogers (2020) The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Respondent Follow-Up Survey, Monthly Labor Review, U.S. BLS. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/the-survey-of-occupational-injuries-and-illnesses-respondent-follow-up-survey.htm [While the slaughter & processing industry was not studied specifically, in general, “The results show that a number of notable recordkeeping issues were found, especially related to the percentage of establishments that keep OSHA logs. The results also show a fairly low level of recordkeeping training, the use of sources other than the OSHA forms in responding to the SOII, and considerable confusion related to general recordkeeping knowledge.”]

Health & Safety